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Baltasar Garzón: “There’s Nothing More Dangerous Than Friendly Fire.”

Judge Garzón in a recent television appearance, 2020.

Judge Garzón, the crusading Spanish magistrate and first recipient of the ALBA/Puffin Award, looks back on his turbulent career. “The truth is that my ideas have not changed much.”

No Spanish judge has had as many admirers around the world as Baltasar Garzón—the Spanish judge who helped bring about a world in which political leaders are held accountable for human-rights abuses committed under their rule—and none has had as many detractors, including in his own country. (See below for a brief biography.) I spoke with Garzón in December and January 2021. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.

Over the past 40 years, you have been a judge, a politician and a public intellectual. How have those different experiences in Spanish public life shaped your ideas about the problems facing your country?

Although both my role and the context have changed a lot, the truth is that my ideas have not changed much. I began working as a magistrate in

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On October 16, 1998, the house arrest of General Augusto Pinochet, at the request of Judge Baltasar Garzón, which relied on the principle of Universal Jurisdiction, marked a milestone in the treatment of criminal perpetrators of genocide and crimes against humanity.

The case against the Chilean dictator accused of human rights violations in Chile – charges included 94 allegations of torture of Spanish citizens, the murder in 1975 of the Spanish diplomat Carmelo Soria and conspiracy to commit torture – lasted 16 months, until the House of Lords ruled that Pinochet was not entitled to immunity and could be tried.

Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, praised the decision of the House, stating that it was clear that torture is an international crime subject to universal jurisdiction. Amnesty International and the Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture called for the extradition of the General to Spain. For its part, Chile withdrew its ambassador in Madrid for a time to protest the actions of Spain.

The house arrest of Pino

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Baltasar Garzón

Spanish former judge (born 1955)

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Garzón and the second or maternal family name is Real.

Baltasar Garzón
Garzón in 2014
In office 1987 – 14 May 2011
Succeeded by	Pablo Ruz
In office 1 July 1993 – 9 May 1994
Succeeded by	Rafael María García-Rico Fernández
Constituency	Madrid
Born	Baltasar Garzón Real (1955-10-26) 26 October 1955 (age 69) Torres, Jaén, Andalusia, Spain
Political party	Actúa (since 2017)
Other political affiliations	Independent(1993–1994, linked with PSOE)
Spouse	María del Rosario Molina Serrano
Alma mater	University of Seville

Baltasar Garzón Real (Spanish pronunciation:[baltaˈsaɾɣaɾˈθon]; born 26 October 1955) is a Spanish former judge. He served on Spain's central criminal court, the Audiencia Nacional, and was the examining magistrate of the Juzgado Central de Instrucción No. 5, which investigates the most important criminal cases in Spain, including terrorism, organised cr